Abstract:
A United Airlines DC-10 with 293 aboard crashed just short of Sioux City, Iowa's airport on July 20, 1989, after the pilot tried for thirty minutes to bring the huge aircraft under control. The plane crashed into a cornfield and broke apart, then exploded and burned. 166 passengers walked away; 127 were killed. The cause of the crash was complete hydraulic failure, unusual because the DC-10 has three independent hydraulic systems, each capable of controlling the plane. It is believed that an engine exploded, causing metal shards to cut some common ducts in the tail section, leading to the failure.
Introduction:
A crippled United Airlines DC-10 crashed a half-mile short of a runway while 
trying to make an emergency landing Wednesday afternoon, bursting into a 
cartwheeling fireball that broke into what one eyewitness described as "15,000 
pieces" and killing at least 123 of the 293 passengers and crew members on 
board. 

Remarkably, as many as 166 persons survived the violent crash, according to 
Richard Vohs, a spokesman for Iowa Gov. Terry E. Branstad. The fate of four 
others was not immediately known. 


Tail Engine Explodes 

The plane's tail engine exploded before the crash but it was not immediately 
clear how the explosion contributed to what a Federal Aviation Administration 
spokesman called "complete hydraulic failure," an occurrence regarded as 
extremely rare in the wide-bodied DC-10, which has three independent hydraulic 
systems that operate all the plane's control surfaces on its wings and tail, 
and landing gear and brakes. 

As rescuers worked underneath floodlights to remove bodies from the crash site, 
original estimates of the death toll -- one as high as 190, which would have 
made the crash the second worst in U.S. history -- were reduced. 

"We don't have a firm count" of the dead, Vohs acknowledged at a press 
conference seven hours after the crash. "But right now, the number (of 
survivors) confirmed is 166." 

The survivors of Wednesday's United Flight 232 from Denver to Philadelphia via 
Chicago included several dozen passengers who managed to walk out of a dark, 
smoke-filled, upside-down section of the jet after it broke off and came to 
rest in a tall cornfield off the runway. 

"I walked out (through the back of the plane) and found myself in the 
cornfield," passenger David Landsberger told Cable News Network. "We were all 
walking around in shock. I just walked through it like it was a dream. I was a 
little dazed." 

"It's the goddamndest thing I ever saw in my life," said Charles Mertz of 
Castle Rock, Colo., another of those who walked away. 

Suitcases, paper, mail, clothes, chunks of burning metal and bodies were strewn 
over the inactive runway at Sioux Gateway Airport, where the plane crashed 
after desperately circling for a half-hour. 

One hundred ambulances, fire trucks and helicopters from as far away as South 
Dakota plucked out the victims. The search for bodies was difficult because 
some of them were scattered in the cornfield. Many of the survivors were listed 
in critical condition with burns or broken bones. 

United Airlines declined to comment on the number of survivors or to release 
the names of the 282 passengers and 11 crew members. 

Eyewitnesses said pieces of the 15-year-old airplane -- one of the oldest 
airliners in United's fleet -- were falling off as far as 75 miles from the 
site of the crash. 

A team of National Transportation Safety Board investigators left Washington 
Wednesday night for Sioux City. 

The hydraulic system that disintegrated Wednesday works the same way a power 
steering system operates in a car. By forcing liquid through a tube, the system 
provides enough power for a pilot to move an airliner's huge tail rudder and 
elevators, and wing panels known as flaps and ailerons -- all needed to steer 
an aircraft. 

Some aviation experts, speculating on why Flight 232 crashed after completing 
less than half of its scheduled 930-mile trip to Chicago, suggested that the 
explosion of the tail engine sent shards of metal through the tail section, 
somehow destroying common lines that serve the three hydraulic systems. 

There were reports from passengers and observers that the plane's right-wing 
engine also failed before the crash. 

In what survivors described as a heroic effort that nearly succeeded, the 
plane's Seattle-based captain, A. C. Haynes -- a 33-year veteran of the airline 
who along with the other 10 crew members survived the crash -- struggled for a 
half-hour to maintain control of the wobbling plane. Radio transmission 
indicated the plane's maneuverability was limited to right-hand turns. 

At one point, Haynes attempted a landing on Highway 20 near Cushing, Iowa, but 
chose not to touch down there in favor of trying to make Sioux City, a farming 
and livestock center of 82,000 in the northwest corner of Iowa along the 
Missouri River. 


Preparing for Crash Landing 

"Then they said we were preparing for a crash landing. They said it would be 
about 30 seconds, but it was about five minutes," another passenger said. 

Haynes brought the plane into the airport's 9,000-foot-long southwest runway, 
surrounded by corn, soybeans and pasture with some trees seven miles outside 
downtown Sioux City. 

At about 4 p.m. CDT, the plane made its final approach. 

Onlookers watched hopefully. 

"We thought it was going to make it," said Glen Olson, city editor of the Sioux 
City Journal. 

It didn't. 

Shortly before touchdown the plane's right wing began to dip and the nose began 
to fall. 

The wing hit the ground a half-mile before the runway. The impact caused the 
aircraft to turn over several times as it slid down the runway, "breaking up 
very badly," catching on fire and then exploding, according to Bob Raynesford, 
an FAA spokesman. 

"I think it turned over a couple of times. I think it landed upside down," said 
passenger Melanie Cincala of Toledo, Ohio, who said the plane burst into flames 
after she got off. 

A large piece of the fuselage barreled onto the runway. Huge clouds of smoke 
and flames billowed upward as firemen sprayed foam over the wreckage. Rescue 
helicopters hovered overhead. 

"We were sitting there upside down and it began to fill up with smoke," said 
Cliff Marshall of Columbus, Ohio, who was returning home from Denver. 


'Push Little Girl Out' 

"Then God opened a hole in the basement (the bottom of the plane) and I pushed 
a little girl out. I grabbed another, kept pulling them out until they didn't 
come no more." 

Marshall said he thought he helped a half-dozen out and then he ran. 

Dr. Romaine Bendixen, clinic commander of Iowa National Guard's 185th tactical 
fighter group, said he was the first doctor on the scene, about three minutes 
after the crash. He had just landed in another plane. 

He said the living were scattered among the dead. 

"In one group of six seats, a woman sitting in the middle was barely injured, 
her husband beside her was dead and two behind her were dead," Bendixen said. 

He said rescuers pulled out three of the flight crew alive. 

Hewitt Graham, manager of Graham Flying Service, a charter service and 
corporate aircraft maintenance firm that operates out of the building closest 
to the crash site, said he was in his office, answering phones, when five crash 
victims -- a man, his wife and young son and two other men -- walked in. 

"It was amazing. They were in remarkably good shape. From looking at one or two 
of them you wouldn't know they were in the accident," Graham said. Their 
clothes were clean, not mussed, their hair was in place and they had no 
scratches he could see, he said. 


Survival Rate Remarkable 

C. O. Miller, former chief investigator for the National Transportation Safety 
Board, said the crash's survival rate was remarkable and was probably the 
result of the pilot's ability to maneuver the plane close to the ground before 
losing complete control. 

"If an airplane cartwheels, it is very fortuitous that anybody got out," said 
Miller, now a private aviation safety consultant in Sidona, Ariz. 

He said the huge mass of the DC-10 must have helped the pilot slow the plane as 
it approached the ground and helped keep portions of it intact. He said a 
smaller plane, such as a DC-9, would have been far more likely to break up more 
severely. 

St. Luke's Regional Medical Center said 80 to 90 crash victims had been 
admitted and of those 70 were expected to leave the hospital Wednesday night. A 
spokesman said they sustained light injuries. About 50 survivors were housed 
overnight at Briarcliff College. 

Lavonne Quirin of Alta, in Buena Vista County, 75 miles from the airport, said 
she and her husband found a cone-shaped section of the plane in a cornfield at 
their seed corn business. 


'Size of a Car' 

"It's about the size of a car," she said. She said no one at the farm saw or 
heard the object fall. 

McDonnell Douglas Corp., which builds the DC-10, said the plane was delivered 
to United in 1974. 

United, the nation's second largest airline, has one of the oldest fleets in 
the industry. The average age of its aircraft is 13.5 years. The average for 
the entire industry is 11.7 years. 

No unusual weather was reported. Wind speeds were clocked up to 30 m.p.h. 

A DC-10 was involved in the nation's worst air crash 10 years ago. 

On May 25, 1979, American Airlines Flight 191 lost an engine on takeoff, banked 
sideways out of control, slammed into a field and exploded. All 258 passengers 
and 13 crew members died, as well as two people on the ground. 

The National Transportation Safety Board cited "maintenance-induced damage" -- 
a 10-inch crack in the engine mount -- that caused the left engine to tear 
loose. The NTSB also criticized McDonnell Douglas' design as vulnerable to 
maintenance damage. 

McDonnell Douglas suspended production of the DC-10 airliner in 1983. DC-10 
orders collapsed in 1979 because of the recession and the May, 1979, crash. In 
all, 369 DC-10s were produced. 

Wednesday's tragedy was the worst in a recent series of accidents and mishaps 
involving United. 

Nine persons were hurled to their deaths last Feb. 24 when a cargo door popped 
open in flight, tearing a gaping hole in a United Boeing 747 jetliner. The 
cause of that accident, which took place over the Pacific near Hawaii, is under 
investigation. 


Turns Up Deficiencies 

The accident probe has turned up deficiencies in United's procedures regarding 
the cargo doors. The airline told NTSB investigators that it had "somehow 
overlooked" an FAA recommendation to inspect the cargo door latch locks each 
time the door is closed manually, rather than electrically. 

On July 10, a United Boeing 747 was forced to make an emergency landing at 
Miami International Airport after the plane was damaged in heavy turbulence 
over the Florida-Georgia border. None of the airliner's 108 passengers were 
injured. On Tuesday, a United DC-10 with 249 people aboard slid 300 yards on 
the runway after landing at rain-soaked O'Hare International Airport in Chicago 
but there were no injuries. 

Last Dec. 23, a United DC-10 bound for Chicago with 287 passengers had engine 
problems after takeoff and dumped 52,000 gallons of fuel over the Pacific 
before returning safely to Los Angeles. 

The second-worst crash in U.S. history was an Aug. 16, 1987, crash that killed 
156 people when a Northwest Airlines jet crashed on takeoff at Detroit 
Metropolitan Airport. One child on the plane survived. 

J. Michael Kennedy reported from Sioux City and Bob Baker from Los Angeles. 
Also contributing to this story were Larry Green and Tracy Shryer in Chicago, 
Tamara Jones in Denver and Penelope McMillan and Denise Gellene in Los Angeles. 

HYDRAULIC LOSS -- The "complete hydraulic failure" reported by the United pilot 
is one of the most feared events in flying. Page 17 

RESCUE TEAMS READY -- The Sioux City, Iowa, fire-and-rescue operations had 
practiced for a major emergency. Page 18 

