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Schema-aware processing with XSLT 2.0

Reap the benefits of designing your XSLT stylesheets to be=20 schema-aware

Mukul Gandhi (mailto:mukul.gandhi@in.ibm.com?subject=3DS= chema-aware=20 processing with XSLT 2.0&cc=3Ddwxed@us.ibm.com), Senior System = Analyst,=20 IBM

Mukul = Gandhi is a=20 senior system analyst working with IBM India, where he architects and = designs=20 software systems based on Java=E2=84=A2 technology and Java Platform, = Enterprise Edition=20 (Java EE). Mukul uses XML in his work as a flexible and portable data = storage=20 and interchange format. He has worked in the information technology = industry=20 since 1996, and with XML technologies since 2000. He holds a bachelor's = degree=20 in computer science and engineering from Allahabad, India.

Summary: With the release of version 2.0, XSLT now = allows you to=20 design your stylesheets to be schema-aware. A schema-aware XSLT system = offers=20 many benefits, including the ability to validate input trees prior to = the XSLT=20 transformation to ensure that the XSLT stylesheet only processes valid = input, as=20 well as the ability to validate output trees to ensure that the XSLT=20 transformation is producing the valid XML output. You are also able to = specify=20 data types for variables, for input parameters for user-defined = functions and=20 templates, and for return values from the functions. In this article, = learn more=20 about the concept of schema-aware facilities and follow some examples = that=20 illustrate the benefits.

Tag=20 this!

Date: 15 May 2008 (Published 29 Apr = 2008)=20
Level: Intermediate
Also available in: = Chinese=20 Japanese=20

Activity: 11537 views
Comments: = 3D""=20 3D""

With the publication of the W3C specification for the XSLT 2.0 = language, one=20 of the most important innovations was introduced into the XSLT language: = the=20 ability for the XSLT processor to utilize XML schemas for input and = output=20 documents, as well as for temporary trees and constructs that expect = types to be=20 specified, such as function and template parameters, and variables.

Frequently used acronyms

W3C: World Wide Web Consortium
XML: Extensible Markup Language
XSLT: Extensible Stylesheet Language = Transformations

Schema awareness is an optional feature for the XSLT processor to = implement.=20 An XSLT processor that doesn't implement schema-aware facilities is = known as a=20 basic XSLT processor, whereas one that does implement such = facilities is=20 known as a schema-aware XSLT processor.

This article assumes that you have knowledge of XML and the W3C XML = Schema=20 language, and preferably some knowledge of XSLT. To exploit the = schema-aware=20 facilities in the XSLT stylesheets effectively, you need to understand = the=20 syntax and semantics of XML Schema in detail. To try the examples in = this=20 article, you'll need an XSLT 2.0 processor that implements the = schema-aware=20 features of the XSLT 2.0 language. For the purpose of this article, I = used an=20 evaluation copy of the commercial product Saxon-SA. You can download a = free=20 30-day evaluation license to try the features; see Resources=20 for details.

An overview of XML = Schema

An XML document can either be stand-alone or designed to correspond = to a=20 schema. A stand-alone XML document merely contains nested tags with text = and=20 obeys only the well-formed constraints of XML. On the other hand, an XML = document designed for an XML schema obeys the constraints of the schema. = Nearly=20 all modern applications that work with XML contain a well-defined XML = schema.=20 The XML schema assigns structure to the XML document and defines the = data types=20 of elements and attributes.

The W3C XML Schema language is much more enhanced than the previous = XML=20 validation language, Document Type Definition (DTD). Unlike XML schemas, = and the=20 much-enhanced data-typing facility in particular, DTD could not express = complex=20 XML validation constraints. The finer details of XML Schema language are = beyond=20 the scope of this article, but you can refer to Resources=20 to learn more.

Why write schema-aware=20 stylesheets?

Schemas are typically available for well-known XML vocabularies and = other=20 large applications. As the stylesheet writer, however, you are able to = maintain=20 the schemas and the types yourself. By doing so, you can extract = numerous=20 benefits for the application architecture and the business problem the=20 application is intended to solve.

You can put XML schemas to use in a schema-aware XSLT environment in = three ways:

Validate=20 the input XML documents: When you validate the input XML = documents=20 with an XML schema, the XSLT schema subsystem attaches type = annotations to the=20 nodes from the input document. This allows type-aware operations to be = performed on the nodes in the XSLT stylesheet. Input validation can = also=20 ensure that the XSLT stylesheet doesn't process invalid input.
Validate=20 the output XML documents: This is one of the biggest benefits = of=20 schema-aware XSLT stylesheet design from an overall application = architecture=20 point of view. By validating the output of XSLT transforms before = handing over=20 control of the XML stream to some other forward process, you can = detect many=20 errors early and avoid errors later in the processing chain.
Import=20 the element, attribute, and type information from a schema into = the XSLT=20 stylesheet: Using the schema components in the stylesheet allows = for=20 enhanced type checking. For example, you can define data types of = variables to=20 be built-in or user-defined schema types. Similarly, you can define = types for=20 input and output parameters of XSLT functions and for XSLT template=20 parameters.

You can put XML schemas to use during the compilation of the = stylesheet or=20 during the runtime=E2=80=94in other words, when the input XML document = is transformed.=20 The XSLT 2.0 specification says nothing about the compile-time usage of = schemas,=20 but computer language theory makes it well known that having extra type=20 information during compile time allows the compiler to make compile-time = optimizations=E2=80=94to generate efficient code, for example. It's also = worth noting=20 that you can write schemas inline in the XSLT stylesheet (I'll present = an=20 example for this later). This can be useful for small applications or to = validate the temporary trees during the course of the transformation. =

The following examples illustrate the three usages of schemas in = stylesheets,=20 as described=20 previously.

Validate the input XML=20 documents

The first example demonstrates how you can utilize input document = validation=20 in XSLT stylesheets. Listing=20 1 shows an XML document, named po.xml, that represents a purchase = order.=20

Listing 1. po.xml

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
      <PurchaseOrder orderid=3D"10010"
                     =
xmlns:xsi=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
                     xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation=3D"po1.xsd">
       <orderFrom>XYZ Ltd.</orderFrom>
       <shipAddress>
         <name>XYZ Ltd.</name>
         <address>123, Wisconsin Street</address>
         <city>London</city>
         <country>United Kingdom</country>
       </shipAddress>
       <billAddress>
         <name>XYZ Ltd.</name>
         <address>123, Wisconsin Street</address>
         <city>London</city>
         <country>United Kingdom</country>
       </billAddress>
       <item id=3D"100" type=3D"book">
         <title>Water for Elephants</title>
         <note>Author(s): Sara Gruen</note>
         <quantity>1</quantity>
         <price>18.34</price>
       </item>
       <item id=3D"101" type=3D"book">
         <title>Glass Castle: A Memoir</title>
         <note>Author(s): Jeannette Walls and Julia =
Gibson</note>
         <quantity>1</quantity>
         <price>23.09</price>
       </item>
       <item id=3D"200">
         <title>5 Amp Electric plug</title>
         <quantity>5</quantity>
         <price>10.10</price>
       </item>
      </PurchaseOrder>

Listing=20 2 shows the XML schema (named po1.xsd) for this document.

Listing 2. po1.xsd

               =20
        <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
	<xs:schema xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
	  <xs:element name=3D"PurchaseOrder">
	    <xs:complexType>
	     <xs:sequence>
	       <xs:element name=3D"orderFrom" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	       <xs:element name=3D"shipAddress">
	         <xs:complexType>
	           <xs:sequence>
	             <xs:element name=3D"name" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"address" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"city" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"country" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	           </xs:sequence>
	         </xs:complexType>
	       </xs:element>
	       <xs:element name=3D"billAddress">
	          <xs:complexType>
	            <xs:sequence>
	              <xs:element name=3D"name" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	              <xs:element name=3D"address" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	              <xs:element name=3D"city" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	              <xs:element name=3D"country" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	            </xs:sequence>
	          </xs:complexType>
	       </xs:element>
	       <xs:element name=3D"item" maxOccurs=3D"unbounded">
	         <xs:complexType>
	           <xs:sequence>
	      	    <xs:element name=3D"title" type=3D"xs:string"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"note" type=3D"xs:string" =
minOccurs=3D"0"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"quantity" =
type=3D"xs:positiveInteger"/>
	             <xs:element name=3D"price" type=3D"xs:decimal"/>
	           </xs:sequence>
       		  <xs:attribute name=3D"id" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"required"/>
                    <xs:attribute name=3D"type" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"optional"/>
         	         </xs:complexType>
       	       </xs:element>
             </xs:sequence>
             <xs:attribute name=3D"orderid" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"required"/>
   	   </xs:complexType>
	</xs:element>
      </xs:schema>  =20

Nothing is complicated about this schema. You need to be aware of the = XML=20 schema syntax to understand this example.

Now, write a simple XSLT 2.0 stylesheet that utilizes the schema in = Listing=20 2 and works on the XML in Listing=20 1. Listing=20 3 shows the code for the stylesheet, which is named printitems1.xsl. =

Listing 3. printitems1.xsl

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
      <xsl:stylesheet =
xmlns:xsl=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
      	              version=3D"2.0">
            =20
        <xsl:output method=3D"text" />
       =20
        <xsl:import-schema schema-location=3D"po1.xsd" />
       =20
        <xsl:template =
match=3D"document-node(schema-element(PurchaseOrder))">
           <xsl:for-each select=3D"PurchaseOrder/item">
              <xsl:value-of select=3D"@id" />: <xsl:value-of =
select=3D"title" />
              <xsl:text>&#xa;</xsl:text>
           </xsl:for-each>
        </xsl:template>
     =20
        <xsl:template match=3D"document-node()">
           <xsl:message terminate=3D"yes">Source document is not a =
purchase order
           </xsl:message>
        </xsl:template>
     =20
      </xsl:stylesheet>

Using the Saxon-SA product, invoke the XSLT process as follows:

     =20
      java com.saxonica.Transform po.xml printitems1.xsl

This produces the following output:

      Source =
document is not a purchase order
      Processing terminated by xsl:message at line 16 in printitems1.xsl

In this case, the second template in Listing=20 3 is invoked, because the input document was not validated.

Now invoke the XSLT transformation as follows:

java =
com.saxonica.Transform -val:strict po.xml =
printitems1.xsl

This produces the following output:

      100: Water =
for Elephants
      101: Glass Castle: A Memoir
      200: 5 Amp Electric plug

In this case, the first template in Listing=20 3 is invoked, because the input document was validated with the=20 corresponding schema.

This stylesheet illustrates the idea that you can execute useful = processing=20 in the stylesheet only if the input document is validated with the = desired=20 schema. If the XML document is not validated, then the stylesheet won't = do=20 anything useful, as illustrated by the first output.

Back=20 to top

Validate the output XML=20 documents

The next example demonstrates how you can request the validation of = output=20 trees prior to serialization. Listing=20 4 shows a stylesheet named printitems2.xsl.

Listing 4. printitems2.xsl

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
      <xsl:stylesheet =
xmlns:xsl=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
                      xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
      	               version=3D"2.0">
            =20
        <xsl:output method=3D"xml" indent=3D"yes" />
       =20
        <xsl:import-schema>
          <xs:schema>
            <xs:element name=3D"items">
              <xs:complexType>     =20
                <xs:sequence>
                  <xs:element name=3D"item" =
maxOccurs=3D"unbounded">
      	            <xs:complexType>
      	             <xs:sequence>
      	               <xs:element name=3D"title" =
type=3D"xs:string"/>
      	               <xs:element name=3D"note" type=3D"xs:string" =
minOccurs=3D"0"/>
      	               <xs:element name=3D"quantity" =
type=3D"xs:positiveInteger"/>
      	               <xs:element name=3D"price" =
type=3D"xs:decimal"/>
      	             </xs:sequence>
      	             <xs:attribute name=3D"id" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"required"/>
      	             <xs:attribute name=3D"type" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"optional"/>
      	            </xs:complexType>
                  </xs:element>
                </xs:sequence>     =20
              </xs:complexType>
            </xs:element>
          </xs:schema>
        </xsl:import-schema>
       =20
        <xsl:template match=3D"/PurchaseOrder">
          <items xsl:validation=3D"strict">
            <xsl:copy-of select=3D"item[price < 15]" />
          </items>
        </xsl:template>
     =20
      </xsl:stylesheet>

Note that the xsl:validation=3D"strict" option on the=20 <items> tag causes the <items> = element to=20 be validated as it gets generated from the transformation.

Invoke the XSLT process as follows (the input XML remains same):

java =
com.saxonica.Transform po.xml =
printitems2.xsl

The following output is produced:

<?xml =
version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
<items xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
  <item xmlns:xsi=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" =
id=3D"200">
    <title>5 Amp Electric plug</title>
    <quantity>5</quantity>
    <price>10.10</price>
  </item>
</items>

This is the intended output.

Suppose you want to modify a portion of the stylesheet, as follows: =

<xsl:template =
match=3D"/PurchaseOrder">
  <itemsTag xsl:validation=3D"strict">
    <xsl:copy-of select=3D"item[price < 15]" />
  </itemsTag>
</xsl:template>

Note that you have modified the root element name from = 'items'=20 to 'itemsTag'. Running the same command line as shown = previously=20 produces the following output:

     =20
      Error on line 32 of file:/E:/xml/sa-xslt/printitems2.xsl:
      XTTE1512: There is no global element declaration for itemsTag,=20
      so strict validation will fail
      Failed to compile stylesheet. 1 error detected.

This error occurs during transformation, because the validation of = the output=20 tree with the inline schema did not succeed. As demonstrated, you cannot = produce=20 an invalid output from the XSLT transformation.

Follow another interesting example in Listing=20 5 for the validation of the output XML tree. This example = illustrates how=20 you can request validation of different parts of output tree with = different=20 schemas.

Listing 5. = outputval.xsl

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
      <xsl:stylesheet =
xmlns:xsl=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
                      xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
                      exclude-result-prefixes=3D"xs"
                      version=3D"2.0">        =20
                     =20
           <xsl:output method=3D"xml" indent=3D"yes" />   =20
          =20
           <!-- import 1st schema -->
           <xsl:import-schema>   =20
             <xs:schema>     =20
               <xs:element name=3D"x">       =20
                 <xs:complexType>               =20
                   <xs:sequence>           =20
                     <xs:element name=3D"y" />         =20
                   </xs:sequence>             =20
                 </xs:complexType>     =20
               </xs:element>   =20
             </xs:schema> =20
           </xsl:import-schema>   =20
          =20
           <!-- import 2nd schema -->
           <xsl:import-schema>   =20
             <xs:schema>     =20
               <xs:element name=3D"p">       =20
                 <xs:complexType>               =20
                   <xs:sequence>           =20
                     <xs:element name=3D"q" />         =20
                   </xs:sequence>             =20
                 </xs:complexType>     =20
               </xs:element>   =20
             </xs:schema> =20
           </xsl:import-schema>   =20
          =20
           <xsl:template match=3D"/">  =20
             <xsl:variable name=3D"temp1">    =20
               <x>      =20
                <y/>    =20
               </x>  =20
             </xsl:variable>  =20
             <xsl:variable name=3D"temp2">    =20
               <p>      =20
                <q/>    =20
               </p>  =20
             </xsl:variable>  =20
             <result>    =20
               <xsl:copy-of select=3D"$temp1" =
validation=3D"strict" />    =20
               <xsl:copy-of select=3D"$temp2" =
validation=3D"strict" />  =20
             </result>=20
           </xsl:template>=20
          =20
      </xsl:stylesheet>

Now invoke the XSLT transformation as follows:

        java =
com.saxonica.Transform outputval.xsl outputval.xsl

Note that in this command line, you use the stylesheet itself as the = input=20 XML. Here the stylesheet acts as a dummy input XML.

The above command line produces the following output:

        <?xml =
version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
	<result>
	   <x>
	      <y/>
	   </x>
	   <p>
	      <q/>
	   </p>
        </result>

This is the intended output. Nothing wrong happened here, because = validation=20 of tree fragments (shown with bold in Listing=20 5) succeeded without problems with the two inline schemas.

Now change the root template (xsl:template match=3D"/") as below:

     =
<xsl:template match=3D"/">  =20
       <xsl:variable name=3D"temp1">    =20
         <x>      =20
          <something/>  =20
         </x>  =20
       </xsl:variable>  =20
       <xsl:variable name=3D"temp2">    =20
         <p>      =20
          <q/>    =20
         </p>  =20
       </xsl:variable>  =20
       <result>    =20
         <xsl:copy-of select=3D"$temp1" validation=3D"strict" />   =
 =20
         <xsl:copy-of select=3D"$temp2" validation=3D"strict" />   =

       </result>=20
     </xsl:template>

You have introduced a junk tag, <something/> which is invalid = as per=20 any of the two inline schemas (from Listing=20 5).

Now run the stylesheet of Listing=20 5, with the root template changed as above (the command line = remaining the=20 same).

The output produced by the transformation now is:

        Validation =
error on line 47 of file:/E:/xml/sa-xslt/outputval.xsl:
	XTTE1510: In content of element <x>: The content model does not =
allow element
	<something>
	to appear here. Expected: y (See =
http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-1/#cvc-complex
	-type clause 2.4)
        Transformation failed: Run-time errors were reported

Since you introduced a validation error in the generated markup, the=20 transformation did not succeed. This example illustrates that XSLT 2.0 = is very=20 flexible, where you want the validation in the output tree to occur.

Back=20 to top

Import type information = from a=20 schema

Now look at another example, which uses the schema-defined user types = as=20 function parameters. This is a powerful concept and illustrates that you = can=20 extend the type system of XSLT in an unlimited way. Listing=20 6 shows the schema, named po2.xsd.

Listing 6.=20 po2.xsd

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8" ?>
      <xs:schema xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
       =20
        <xs:element name=3D"PurchaseOrder" type=3D"POType" />
         =20
        <xs:complexType name=3D"POType">
          <xs:sequence>
            <xs:element name=3D"orderFrom" type=3D"xs:string"/>
            <xs:element name=3D"shipAddress">
              <xs:complexType>
                <xs:sequence>
                  <xs:element name=3D"name" type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"address" =
type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"city" type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"country" =
type=3D"xs:string"/>
                </xs:sequence>
              </xs:complexType>
            </xs:element>
            <xs:element name=3D"billAddress">
              <xs:complexType>
                <xs:sequence>
                  <xs:element name=3D"name" type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"address" =
type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"city" type=3D"xs:string"/>
                  <xs:element name=3D"country" =
type=3D"xs:string"/>
                </xs:sequence>
              </xs:complexType>
            </xs:element>
            <xs:element name=3D"item" maxOccurs=3D"unbounded">
               <xs:complexType>
                 <xs:sequence>
            	<xs:element name=3D"title" type=3D"xs:string"/>
                   <xs:element name=3D"note" type=3D"xs:string" =
minOccurs=3D"0"/>
                   <xs:element name=3D"quantity" =
type=3D"xs:positiveInteger"/>
                   <xs:element name=3D"price" =
type=3D"xs:decimal"/>
                 </xs:sequence>
                 <xs:attribute name=3D"id" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"required"/>
                 <xs:attribute name=3D"type" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"optional"/>
               </xs:complexType>
            </xs:element>
          </xs:sequence>
          <xs:attribute name=3D"orderid" type=3D"xs:string" =
use=3D"required"/>
       </xs:complexType>
     =20
      </xs:schema>     =20

This schema is not much different than po1.xsd in Listing=20 2. The only difference is that it names the POType type = explicitly rather than using it anonymously in the schema. You will use = this=20 type name in the function parameter.

Now try to run the ordersummary.xsl stylesheet, which uses the = po2.xsd schema=20 in Listing=20 6. This stylesheet, in Listing=20 7, displays an order summary (as XHTML) for the purchase order = represented=20 by the sample XML.

Listing 7.=20 ordersummary.xsl

               =20
      <?xml version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"utf-8"?>
      <xsl:stylesheet =
xmlns:xsl=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
                      xmlns:xs=3D"http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"
                      xmlns:my=3D"http://localhost/myfunctions"
                      exclude-result-prefixes=3D"xs my"
      	               version=3D"2.0">
            =20
        <xsl:output method=3D"xhtml" />
       =20
        <xsl:import-schema schema-location=3D"po2.xsd" />  =20
        <xsl:import-schema namespace=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
             =
schema-location=3D"http://www.w3.org/2002/08/xhtml/xhtml1-transitional.xs=
d"/>=20
     =20
        <xsl:template match=3D"/PurchaseOrder">
          <html xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" =
xsl:validation=3D"strict">
            <head>
              <title>Order Summary</title>
            </head>
            <body>
               <h2>Order from: <xsl:value-of =
select=3D"orderFrom" /></h2>
               <table>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Item type</td>
                    <td>Total for the item type</td>
                  </tr>
                  <xsl:for-each-group select=3D"item" group-by=3D"if =
(@type) then @type=20
                  else 'uncategorized item'">
                    <tr>
                      <td>
                        <xsl:value-of =
select=3D"current-grouping-key()" />
                      </td>
                      <td>
                        <xsl:value-of select=3D"my:categoryTotal(..,=20
                        current-grouping-key())" />
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </xsl:for-each-group>
               </table>
               Total amount for the order: <xsl:value-of =
select=3D"my:orderTotal(.)" />=20
            </body>
          </html>
        </xsl:template>
       =20
        <!-- function to find order amount for a particular category =
of items -->
        <xsl:function name=3D"my:categoryTotal" as=3D"xs:decimal">
          <xsl:param name=3D"po" as=3D"element(*, POType)" />
          <xsl:param name=3D"category" as=3D"xs:string" />
           =20
          <xsl:choose>
            <xsl:when test=3D"not($category =3D 'uncategorized =
item')">
              <xsl:sequence select=3D"sum($po/item[@type =3D =
$category]/price)" />
            </xsl:when>
            <xsl:otherwise>
              <xsl:sequence =
select=3D"sum($po/item[not(@type)]/price)" />
            </xsl:otherwise>
          </xsl:choose>
        </xsl:function>
       =20
        <!-- function to find total order amount -->
        <xsl:function name=3D"my:orderTotal" as=3D"xs:decimal">
          <xsl:param name=3D"po" as=3D"element(*, POType)" />
         =20
          <xsl:sequence select=3D"sum($po/item/price)" />
        </xsl:function>
     =20
      </xsl:stylesheet>

Now invoke the XSLT transformation as follows:

      java com.saxonica.Transform po.xml =
ordersummary.xsl

This produces the following output:

     =20
     =20
      Error on line 32 of file:/E:/xml/sa-xslt/ordersummary.xsl:
      XPTY0004: Required item type of first argument of =
my:categoryTotal() is element(*,
      POType); supplied value has item type element(PurchaseOrder, =
xs:anyType)
      In template at line 14 in file:/E:/xml/sa-xslt/ordersummary.xsl

Try to understand what this error means and how to resolve it. = Because you=20 didn't validate the input XML document, the proper type annotations = didn't get=20 attached to the XML nodes. As a consequence, the element nodes had the=20 xs:anyType type. The error occurred because the=20 my:categoryTotal function expected the parameter value with = POType type.

Run the transformation as follows:

java =
com.saxonica.Transform -val:strict po.xml =
ordersummary.xsl

Note that you add the -val:strict option on the command = line.=20 This time, you get the correct output, as shown here:

<?xml =
version=3D"1.0" encoding=3D"UTF-8"?>
<html xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
   <head>
      <meta http-equiv=3D"Content-Type" content=3D"text/html; =
charset=3DUTF-8" />
      <title>Order Summary</title>
   </head>
   <body>
      <h2>Order from: XYZ Ltd.</h2>
      <table>
         <tr>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">Item type</td>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">Total for the item =
type</td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">book</td>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">41.43</td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">uncategorized =
item</td>
            <td colspan=3D"1" rowspan=3D"1">10.1</td>
         </tr>
      </table>
      Total amount for the order: 51.53
   </body>
</html>

Consider these interesting points in this example.

First, because the input document was validated, the function got = the=20 arguments with the correct type.
Second, adding <html = xmlns=3D"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"=20 xsl:validation=3D"strict"> in the stylesheet caused the = XHTML output=20 to be validated against the XHTML schema (whose location is specified = by the=20 instruction=20 = schema-location=3D"http://www.w3.org/2002/08/xhtml/xhtml1-transitio= nal.xsd").
Finally, try introducing some errors in the output XHTML syntax, = and=20 you'll see that the validation with the XHTML schema will fail. Note = that the=20 XSLT processor fetches the schema from the Web, so the machine should = be=20 connected to the Internet.

Back=20 to top

Summary

This article demonstrates the capabilities of a schema-aware XSLT = system.=20 Making XSLT stylesheets schema-aware produces the following = benefits:

You can perform type-aware operations on the nodes by validating = the input=20 trees and attaching the type annotations to the XML nodes. This also = ensures=20 that invalid input is not processed by the stylesheet.
You can validate output trees with a particular schema, thereby = making=20 sure that you don't produce invalid output from the XSLT = transformation.
You can assign types to XSLT variables, function/template = parameters, and=20 return values. This provides enhanced static typing, which is = beneficial=20 during the compilation phase of the stylesheet.
Enhanced compile-time type checking reduces the likelihood of = errors=20 popping up in later phases. The sooner that you detect the errors, the = less=20 amount of time you require to fix them.
Having user-defined schema types available in the stylesheet makes = the=20 type system of XSLT infinitely extensible. As a result, the stylesheet = comes=20 closer to solving the business problem.

Resources

Learn

What kind = of language is XSLT? by Michael Kay (developerWorks, April 2005): = Read=20 this introduction to the XSLT language and learn where the language = comes=20 from, what it's good at, and why you should use it.
XSL Transformations (XSLT) = Version=20 2.0: In the W3C specification, learn about the syntax and = semantics of=20 XSLT 2.0.
XML Path Language (XPath) = 2.0:=20 Read the W3C specification that defines the XPath 2.0 = language.
XQuery 1.0 and = XPath 2.0=20 Data Model: Read the W3C specification that defines the XQuery 1.0 = and=20 XPath 2.0 Data Model.
XML Schema Part 0: = Primer=20 Second Edition: Learn how to create schemas in this W3C primer=20 document.
XML Schema Part 1: = Structures=20 Second Edition: This W3C document sets out the structural part of = the XML=20 Schema definition language. Read this W3C specification to learn more = about=20 it.
XML Schema Part 2: = Datatypes=20 Second Edition: Read the W3C document that defines facilities for = defining=20 datatypes to be used in XML schemas.
XSLT=20 2.0 Programmer's Reference (Michael Kay, Wrox, 2004): Read this = book as a=20 good source to learn about the XSLT 2.0 language.
XPath=20 2.0 Programmer's Reference (Michael Kay, Wrox, 2004): In this = book, find a=20 good explanation of the XPath 2.0 language.
XSLT=20 2.0 and XPath 2.0 Programmer's Reference (Michael Kay, Wrox, = 2008): Read=20 this latest book about XSLT 2.0 and XPath 2.0. The book supersedes the = previous two books by Michael Kay.
IBM = XML=20 certification: Find out how you can become an IBM-Certified = Developer in=20 XML and related technologies.
XML=20 technical library: See the developerWorks XML Zone for a wide = range of=20 technical articles and tips, tutorials, standards, and IBM Redbooks.=20
developerWorks=20 technical events and webcasts: Stay current with developerWorks = technical=20 events and webcasts.
The technology=20 bookstore: Browse for books on these and other technical=20 topics.
developerWorks=20 podcasts: Listen to interesting interviews and discussions for = software=20 developers.

Get products and technologies

Saxonica: XSLT and XQuery=20 Processing: Download a free 30-day evaluation license of the = Saxon-SA=20 schema-aware XSLT 2.0 processor. All the examples discussed in this = article=20 are tested with Saxon-SA.
AltovaXML: = Download the=20 free AltovaXML 2008, which includes the XSLT 1.0/2.0 engine, the = XQuery=20 engine, and the XML validator.
IBM=20 trial software: Build your next development project with trial = software=20 available for download directly from developerWorks.

Discuss

XML = zone=20 discussion forums: Participate in any of several XML-related=20 discussions.
developerWorks=20 XML zone: Share your thoughts: After you read this article, post = your=20 comments and thoughts in this forum. The XML zone editors moderate the = forum=20 and welcome your input.
developerWorks=20 blogs: Check out these blogs and get involved in the developerWorks=20 community.

About the author

Mukul Gandhi is a senior system analyst working = with IBM=20 India, where he architects and designs software systems based on = Java=E2=84=A2=20 technology and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE). Mukul uses = XML in=20 his work as a flexible and portable data storage and interchange format. = He has=20 worked in the information technology industry since 1996, and with XML=20 technologies since 2000. He holds a bachelor's degree in computer = science and=20 engineering from Allahabad, India.

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